Percepción de factores ecológicos de riesgo y protección para el desarrollo socioemocional en niños de cuatro a cinco años, con énfasis en el microsistema familiar

Abstract

Early childhood is the stage in which the critical moments of a subject’s development take place, defining their cognitive, social, physical and mental health through the quality of stimuli experienced as a child in different ecological environments that surround them. Experienced situations, whether positive or negative, become protective factors or risk factors that affect, among other aspects, the child's socioemotional development. However, the actions carried out in favor of child development often depend on the perceptions that subjects have themselves from their own experiences about what is appropriate or not for the child. The present investigation is proposed with a qualitative approach of phenomenological design, carried out with children in Initial Level 2, their parents, as well as professionals involved in child development. The objective was to know the ecological protective factors and risk factors for socioemotional development in children from four to five years, based on the perceptions of the actors involved, with emphasis on the family microsystem, through interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and test. The results revealed that parents and professionals perceive protective factors and risk factors in all ecological environments of child development and that the family is the most important environment in the child's socioemotional development, whose most relevant protective factor is affection and the most relevant risk factor is absence of parents; children perceived affection as a protective factor and inadequate communication as a risk factor of greater relevance. According to the results, the strengthening of the role of the family is to be proposed in the socioemotional development of the child as well to influence in the perceptions of those who are involved in child development to promote a comprehensive view of it.